There is no real passive; the passive function is performed either by indefinite subject construction with the 1PL pronoun A used as an expletive pronoun, or by the resultative perfect TI, that functions as the “object resultative” (stative passive; Bamgbose (1966: 94) characterizes it as “perfective tense” ): cf. with monotransitives: lgi náà (ti) kán stich def perf break ‘The stick broke’ With GIVE neither T or R can be passivized in this way. NB maybe because it has a meaning of a concrete resultative: ‘was sent; was bought; was seen’ also impossible.